About Methane

Methane (CH₄) is a hydrocarbon that is the primary component of natural gas and a very potent and important greenhouse gas (GHG). Unlike other GHGs, methane can be converted to usable energy. Capturing and using methane offers opportunities to generate new sources of clean energy and mitigate global climate change.

Methane's Role in Global Warming

Like emissions of other GHGs, emissions of methane due to human activities (anthropogenic emissions) have increased markedly since pre-industrial times. The global atmospheric concentration of methane has grown from a preindustrial value of about 715 parts per billion (ppb) to 1,782 ppb in 2007 — a nearly 150-percent rise and far above the natural range of the last 650,000 years.¹ Global anthropogenic methane emissions are projected to increase nearly 20 percent to 8,522 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO₂E) by 2030.²

Of the GHGs emitted as a result of human activities, methane is the second most important GHG after carbon dioxide (CO₂), accounting for 14 percent of global GHG emissions in 2005.³ Though methane is emitted into the atmosphere in smaller quantities than CO₂, its global warming potential (i.e., the ability of the gas to trap heat in the atmosphere) is 25 times that of CO₂, resulting in methane's stronger influence on warming during its 12-year atmospheric life time.

Reducing methane emissions, therefore, can have significant climate change benefits, especially in the near term. In particular, methane reductions can help avoid potential climatic tipping points and reduce environmental impacts, especially in the Arctic. Moreover, of all the short-lived climate forcers, methane has a large reduction potential and cost-effective mitigation technologies are available.⁴ A 2003 report estimated that achieving a 50-percent reduction in methane emissions from a business-as-usual scenario by 2050 and maintaining those reductions through 2100 could help reduce global temperature on the same scale as similar reductions in CO₂ emissions—about 0.55 degrees Celsius.⁵

For more information on methane science, please visit the U.S. EPA's Methane website . For more information on the importance of methane reduction in mitigating the impact of global warming on the Arctic region, visit the Arctic Council's Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme's Technical Report No. 1 .⁶

Other Environmental Co-Benefits of Reducing Methane

In addition to mitigating global warming, reducing methane emissions can deliver a host of other energy, safety, and local air and water quality benefits. These benefits make reduction projects very attractive.

Methane contributes to background tropospheric ozone levels both as an ozone precursor and by contributing to global warming, which raises daytime temperatures. Studies have shown that reducing global methane emissions can lower tropospheric ozone formation and reduce associated mortalities, particularly in equatorial regions.⁷ In addition, many of the technologies and practices that reduce methane emissions also reduce associated emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), odors, and other local air pollutants.

Leachate from landfills and manure and waste from agricultural facilities can infiltrate local waters and cause disease, eutrophication, and other environmental problems. Technologies that capture methane from these sources also reduce contamination of local waters, with associated benefits to public health and ecosystem integrity.

Producing energy from recovered methane can also help to avoid the use of higher CO₂- and pollutant-intensive energy resources such as wood, coal, and oil. It also provides local sources of alternative energy that can spur local economic development.

Methane Under the Scope of the Initiative

Increasingly, countries around the world are recognizing that global warming, brought on by increased concentrations of methane in the atmosphere, poses a serious threat to their development. Approximately 50 percent of anthropogenic methane emissions come from the five sources targeted by the GMI:⁸

• Agriculture (animal waste management) accounts for 3 percent of anthropogenic methane emissions.
• Coal mining accounts for 9 percent of anthropogenic methane emissions.
• Landfills account for 11 percent of anthropogenic methane emissions.
• Natural gas and oil systems account 24 percent of anthropogenic methane emissions.
• Wastewater accounts for 7 percent of anthropogenic methane emissions.

GMI's Partner Countries represent approximately 70 percent of the world's estimated anthropogenic methane emissions.⁹

Fortunately, the reduction potential from the sectors covered under the Initiative is significant, and numerous cost-effective technologies for capturing and using methane as a clean energy source (e.g., fuel for electricity generation, onsite energy, offsite gas sales) are available in every sector. More detailed information about methane mitigation opportunities and emission reduction potential in each sector can be found in Global Methane Emissions and Mitigation Opportunities (PDF, 4 pp., 2.5 MB) (December 2015).

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¹ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Assessment Report 4 (PDF, 22 pp, 1.9 MB).
² U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA). 2012. Global Anthropogenic Emissions of Non-CO₂ Greenhouse Gases: 1990-2030.
³ All emissions estimates, unless otherwise noted, are based on a 100-year global warming potential. IPCC 2007.
⁴ The presence of climate forcers, such as methane, contributes to warming effects in the atmosphere. Given its 12-year atmospheric life time, methane is considered a "short-lived" climate forcer.
⁵ Reilly et al. 2003. Multi-Gas Contributors to Global Climate Change: Climate Impacts and Mitigation Costs of Non-CO₂ Gases (PDF, 60 pp, 1.2 MB) . Pew Center on Global Climate Change and Massachusetts Institute of Technology Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change.
⁶ Quinn et al. 2008. The Impact of Short-Lived Pollutants on Arctic Climate . Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP).
⁷ West et al. 2006. Global Health Benefits of Mitigating Ozone Pollution With Methane Emission Controls (PDF, 6 pp, 2.0 MB) . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). March 14, 2006 Vol. 103 No. 11 3988-3993.
⁸ U.S. EPA. 2011.
⁹ Ibid.

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